Earth, Moon and Planets, 49 (May 1990), 141 – 148.

Lunar Penumbral Eclipses, 1900–2200

KAZIMIERZ M. BORKOWSKI
Toruń Radio Astronomy Observatory, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland

(Received 23 February, 1990)

Abstract. A complete survey of past and future penumbral eclipses of the Moon is presented in a tabular form. It contains details of the circumstances of 257 eclipses as seen from the geographical location of Warsaw.

In general, a penumbral eclipse occur whenever the Moon enters the penumbra or half-shadow of Earth cast by the Sun. A darkening of the lunar disk during such an event is so small that an unprepared observer would never notice it. However, as Sharonov (1952) demonstrated, they can be quite easily detected with an unaided eye if a care is taken and when the phase (a fraction of lunar diameter covered by the penumbra) is greater than 0.71 to 0.83. Penumbral eclipses are less frequent than the umbral ones and there are about 89 per century of them on a long time average.

Observations of penumbral eclipses are useful in studying the distribution of light inside the cone of the shadow and are the means to investigate higher layers of the Earth's atmosphere. Until 1920 there was very little interest in the photometry of lunar eclipses. Since then, however, this field of research led to a number of scientifically sound achievements (Polozova 1955, Link 1969).

Catalogs, so called canons, of lunar eclipses prepared more recently include usually also the penumbral eclipses. The examples are Meeus and Mucke (1983), which contains 10936 eclipses, and Liu (1983), where 9800 eclipses are listed (of which 3581 are penumbral). Unfortunately, these canons are not easily available in this country. Some may have access to less voluminous sources such as works of Liu (1964), which lists penumbral eclipses in the period 1964 – 2163 (with phases and times of contacts and of maximum phase) and Polozova (1955) who presents only approximate phase and time of middle of eclipses between 1900 and 1981 based in part on results of Pago (1937). These publications are however incomplete in that they either omit some eclipses or contain insufficient and/or inaccurate data of importance. Detailed circumstances of penumbral eclipses begun to be regularly published in Astronomicheskij Ezhegodnik with the issue for 1958 (here some data appeared also for the years 1922 – 1930) and in Astronomical Almanac for 1962 (also incompletely between 1901 and 1915).

This paper is a companion to my earlier works: Borkowski (1989, hereafter Paper I) where survey of solar eclipses visible from territory of Poland in the years 900 – 2200 was presented and Borkowski (1990, Paper II) in which I gave a list of all umbral eclipses of the Moon observable from Europe in the same period. In the following I shall present all necessary tabular data related to penumbral eclipses since the beginning of this century to entail practically all eclipses of possible historical interest and well into the future (up to AD 2200).

Since the programs and procedures used for computation of presented material are mostly those described in Paper II, here I shall limit myself to pointing out only the differences. The most important difference is the use of new ephemerides for the Sun (according to Bretagnon et al., 1986) and Moon (the full accuracy ephemeris ELP2000-85 of Chapront-Touzé‚ and Chapront, 1988, which is a simplification of the French lunar ephemeris ELP2000, Chapront-Touzé‚ and Chapront 1983). Originally, the latter algorithm was distributed with certain constants fitted to the JPL numerical integration DE200 and included the value of –23.895 "/cy for tidal secular acceleration of the Moon. In my version, I have replaced all relevant constants with ones provided from a fit to the JPL ephemeris LE51 (tab. 8 in Chapront-Touzé and Chapront 1988) with minor modifications to adopt the (commonly assumed for ancient epochs) round 26 "/cy for the secular lunar deceleration. Both these new ephemerides in the XX century are known to be accurate at least to 2".

In closing part I shall discuss the accuracy of presented results which indicates that they are good to about 0.001 in the phase and to about 0.1 min. in times.

The computing program (in FORTRAN 77) checked every opposition of the Moon and Sun for possibility of eclipses. The search resulted in a table of circumstances of 901 umbral and penumbral eclipses as would be seen from the perspective of Warsaw (latitude 52.22°, longitude 21.03° or 1h24m). For presentation in this paper I have selected only penumbral eclipses and there were 253 of them plus 4 very small magnitude (less than 0.005) umbral eclipses. The addition of these four eclipses is justified by the fact that in some computations authors (see e.g. Meeus 1980) assume different enlargement of the umbra and penumbra (I have used the widely accepted factor of 1.02) so that our small magnitude umbral eclipses are identified as penumbral.

The results of the selection are listed in Table 1. Each row begins with the date encoded as YYYYMMDDdd, where the first four digits (YYYY) give the year, the next two (MM) the month with 1 standing for January and 12 — for December, and the day of the month (DD) is followed by a two-letter abbreviation (dd) of the English name for day of the week.

Second column, headed "Time", contains the Central European Time (Universal Time plus 1 hour) in hours and minutes of middle of eclipse, and it is followed by the polar angle (P), i.e. the angle between the polar circle passing through the center of the lunar disk, and the great circle through the centers of the Moon and the shadow, reckoned from the polar circle toward the east (counterclockwise). Then follow the distance between edges of umbra and Moon's disk in arcseconds (d), and the linear (f) and surface (F in %) phase of the eclipse (see Paper II for definitions, note however that Du there should be replaced by Dp for penumbral phases). For quite rare cases of total penumbral eclipses the F, called also obscuration, then by definition equal to 100 %, is replaced by the duration of the total phase in minutes and is denoted by "t" in Table 1. The duration of partial penumbral phase is given also in minutes in the column headed "dur". Next two columns occupy diameters of penumbra (at the distance of the Moon, Dp) and Moon's disk (Dm) expressed in arcminutes, which are followed by the geographical coordinates of sublunar point (a location on the Earth where the Moon is seen at the zenith). The local circumstances of eclipse as seen from Warsaw are given in columns under "H" (the altitude of Moon), "Az" (the azimuth) and "V" (the vertical angle, i.e. a quantity similar to "P" but counted from the vertical circle) — all in degrees. The second rightmost column (R/S) contain time of moonrise or moonset (whichever closer to the middle of eclipse) in Warsaw. Finally, the assumed difference between the Terrestrial Dynamical Time and the Universal Time (used while computing the time of maximum eclipse, the coordinates of sublunar point and the local data for Warsaw) is given in the last column in seconds.

If the beginning of eclipse, i.e. the time of middle minus one half of the duration, falls shortly before midnight then the numerical value of time may exceed 2400 and thus refer to the next day of the tabular date. The same remark applies to the values under "R/S" which are sometimes considerably greater than 2400.

To calculate local data for places outside Warsaw the reader may refer to the algorithm given in Paper II.

Table 1 Penumbral eclipses of the Moon 1900–2200. Abbreviations: Time — Central European Time (CET) of middle of eclipse; P — polar angle; d — separation of umbra's edge from lunar disk (arcsec); f — linear phase; F/t — obscuration in % or (preceded by  "t") duration of totality in  minutes; dur — duration of eclipse (min);   Dp and  Dm — diameters of penumbra and lunar disk; Long and Lat — geographical longitude and latitude of sublunar point; H and Az — altitude and azimuth of Moon; V — vertical angle; R/S — CET of moonrise or moonset and ΔT — difference DT – UT. Columns marked H, Az, V and R/S refer to Warsaw.

______________________________________________________________________________________ Date Time P d f F/t dur Dp Dm Long Lat H Az V R/S ΔT Year M d h m deg " %/m m arcmin deg deg deg deg deg h m s ______________________________________________________________________________________ 1900 613We 427.6 178 -1 1.027 t38 266.1 149.6 31.3 308.0 -22.2 -9 63 142 320 -2 190012 6Th 1126.5 359 351 0.844 89 238.1 154.4 32.4 201.2 21.4 -17 180 359 712 -2 1901 5 3Fr 1930.6 12 53 1.070 t67 292.8 142.8 29.5 81.4 -16.5 3 303 44 1905 -1 1904 3 2We 402.4 17 1576 0.201 13 118.7 158.1 33.4 317.1 6.0 20 73 341 616 3 1904 331Th 1332.4 198 522 0.729 76 218.6 156.0 32.9 173.3 -3.0 -36 215 218 1817 3 1904 924Sa 1834.7 342 946 0.571 57 225.0 143.0 29.5 94.7 -0.6 9 283 19 1735 3 1908 118Sa 1421.5 186 998 0.564 56 225.6 143.4 29.4 162.3 21.9 -9 216 208 1550 8 1908 614Su 1506.3 188 292 0.839 89 234.3 154.1 32.5 148.6 -22.2 -41 254 228 2004 8 1908 713Mo 2233.7 357 1423 0.255 19 133.5 156.4 33.2 38.0 -23.2 12 344 7 1957 8 190812 7Mo 2255.0 348 11 1.061 t58 274.0 149.8 31.1 29.4 21.7 58 345 358 1520 8 1911 513Sa 656.1 21 474 0.826 87 262.1 143.3 29.6 269.6 -19.1 -29 95 341 338 12 191111 6Mo 1636.5 157 330 0.842 89 234.9 155.3 32.7 121.3 16.8 6 252 194 1551 12 1915 131Su 557.4 201 1857 0.072 3 78.2 149.7 31.1 289.6 19.1 13 103 162 734 18 1915 3 1Mo 1919.2 28 862 0.581 58 205.0 153.0 32.0 87.8 6.7 19 285 64 1709 18 1915 726Mo 1324.3 341 1188 0.380 33 164.8 154.2 32.6 176.0 -20.9 -54 221 7 1954 18 1915 824Tu 2226.9 154 796 0.601 61 209.6 151.2 31.7 38.3 -10.2 25 341 166 1832 18 19181217Tu 2005.7 3 319 0.860 91 239.3 154.8 32.5 72.5 22.3 40 287 43 1517 21 1919 514We 2613.6 9 284 0.937 97 277.9 142.7 29.4 340.5 -19.5 9 38 345 2740 21 1922 313Mo 1228.4 18 1656 0.158 9 105.5 158.1 33.4 189.9 1.7 -36 194 26 1758 23 1922 411Tu 2131.8 196 359 0.807 85 227.5 156.2 33.0 52.6 -7.2 24 325 217 1810 23 192210 5Th 2543.4 343 791 0.663 68 240.8 143.1 29.5 346.6 3.7 33 43 318 2951 23 1926 128Th 2220.0 189 964 0.582 58 228.6 143.4 29.4 43.5 19.4 52 323 212 1551 24 1926 625Fr 2224.7 184 565 0.701 73 217.8 153.7 32.5 39.5 -22.2 13 342 195 1944 24 1926 725Su 559.8 353 1177 0.380 33 161.4 156.2 33.1 286.8 -21.2 -20 80 312 329 24 19261219Su 719.7 353 23 1.052 t54 272.2 150.1 31.2 264.4 22.4 2 124 320 737 24 1929 523Th 1337.3 17 222 0.964 99 278.5 143.4 29.6 169.5 -21.5 -51 230 48 1956 24 19291116Sa 2502.8 160 279 0.872 92 239.2 155.1 32.6 355.1 19.8 51 42 134 3128 24 1933 210Fr 1417.2 204 1904 0.045 1 62.0 149.3 31.0 164.9 15.7 -16 216 226 1640 24 1933 312Su 332.6 29 788 0.619 63 211.4 152.5 31.9 323.8 2.5 21 65 355 553 24 1933 8 5Sa 2045.7 338 1429 0.258 19 136.9 154.5 32.7 65.6 -18.3 9 317 4 1929 24 1933 9 4Mo 551.9 152 567 0.722 76 226.2 151.7 31.8 286.3 -6.4 -9 90 114 452 24 19361228Mo 448.7 8 294 0.871 92 239.8 155.1 32.5 303.0 22.2 24 95 327 743 24 1937 525Tu 851.1 5 529 0.797 84 259.9 142.5 29.4 241.3 -21.9 -47 119 330 313 24 1940 323Sa 2047.9 18 1757 0.104 5 86.1 158.1 33.5 64.2 -2.7 23 311 45 1749 25 1940 422Mo 526.0 195 178 0.894 94 236.6 156.3 33.0 293.4 -11.1 -8 81 157 431 25 19401016We 900.9 344 656 0.743 78 253.3 143.1 29.4 236.5 7.8 -24 141 321 552 25 1944 2 9We 614.5 193 917 0.606 61 232.5 143.4 29.4 285.2 16.1 8 105 155 716 27 1944 7 6Th 539.5 180 845 0.559 55 197.9 153.3 32.4 291.2 -21.5 -18 76 140 327 27 1944 8 4Fr 1326.4 349 934 0.504 48 184.3 156.0 33.0 175.1 -18.5 -51 221 14 1940 27 19441229Fr 1549.1 358 26 1.048 t52 270.9 150.5 31.3 138.3 22.2 2 235 31 1536 27 19471128Fr 934.0 164 245 0.894 94 242.5 154.9 32.5 228.1 22.2 -13 154 147 716 28 19481018Mo 335.2 333 96 1.041 t50 284.2 145.2 30.0 317.9 8.7 22 74 296 612 28 1951 221We 2229.1 207 1969 0.007 0 24.3 148.9 30.9 41.8 11.9 46 330 225 1635 30 1951 323Fr 1137.0 29 691 0.668 69 219.3 152.1 31.8 201.9 -1.8 -40 179 28 524 30 1951 817Fr 414.2 335 1652 0.145 8 103.4 154.9 32.7 313.2 -15.1 0 63 301 416 30 1951 915Sa 1326.6 151 360 0.830 88 239.1 152.1 31.9 171.7 -2.3 -35 216 173 1747 30 1955 1 8Sa 1332.8 13 270 0.881 93 240.3 155.4 32.6 173.2 21.2 -14 207 30 1554 31 1955 6 5Su 1522.8 1 788 0.649 67 237.9 142.5 29.4 143.9 -23.6 -39 259 42 2006 31 1958 4 4Fr 459.7 18 1882 0.039 1 53.1 158.0 33.5 300.4 -7.0 -1 78 340 456 32 19581027Mo 1627.3 346 545 0.809 86 263.1 143.1 29.4 124.4 11.7 1 252 22 1623 32 1959 916We 2603.0 162 84 1.014 t29 272.4 147.5 30.7 342.7 -1.7 26 44 137 2926 33 1962 219Mo 1403.1 195 854 0.639 65 237.6 143.4 29.5 168.0 12.4 -20 214 216 1656 34 1962 717Tu 1254.2 175 1120 0.418 38 174.2 153.0 32.3 182.8 -19.9 -55 211 195 1952 34 1962 815We 2056.9 346 706 0.622 63 203.0 155.8 33.0 62.2 -15.2 13 319 11 1906 34 1963 1 9We 2419.1 2 28 1.044 t49 269.4 150.8 31.4 12.0 21.1 58 16 352 3152 35 196512 8We 1809.9 169 226 0.908 95 244.9 154.6 32.4 100.3 23.8 24 263 210 1510 36 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table 1 - continued ______________________________________________________________________________________ Date Time P d f F/t dur Dp Dm Long Lat H Az V R/S ΔT ______________________________________________________________________________________ 1966 5 4We 2211.5 203 132 0.942 97 250.1 152.6 32.1 41.7 -15.1 19 339 216 1849 37 19661029Sa 1112.2 335 218 0.979 99 278.3 145.0 29.9 203.3 12.5 -26 178 333 609 37 1969 4 2We 1932.4 29 572 0.730 77 228.5 151.6 31.7 82.2 -6.1 11 297 62 1809 40 1969 827We 1147.6 333 1865 0.039 1 54.1 155.3 32.8 199.2 -11.4 -50 183 335 1849 40 1969 925Th 2109.6 151 174 0.927 96 249.4 152.6 32.0 55.0 1.9 32 319 175 1718 40 1973 118Th 2217.2 17 245 0.891 94 240.7 155.7 32.7 43.0 19.4 52 324 40 1540 44 1973 615Fr 2149.9 357 1056 0.495 47 210.9 142.4 29.4 47.7 -24.5 9 336 13 2003 44 1973 715Su 1238.5 165 1696 0.132 7 111.4 143.1 29.6 186.5 -20.2 -57 205 181 1945 44 197611 6Sa 2401.2 349 452 0.865 91 270.8 143.2 29.4 10.8 15.2 52 16 338 3055 47 1977 927Tu 929.3 162 244 0.927 96 262.0 148.0 30.8 230.1 2.6 -31 146 142 524 48 1980 3 1Sa 2145.2 197 773 0.682 71 244.0 143.4 29.5 52.1 8.3 39 319 221 1658 51 1980 727Su 2008.1 172 1393 0.279 21 144.7 152.6 32.2 74.4 -17.7 5 310 201 1922 51 1980 826Tu 430.5 344 490 0.735 77 218.8 155.6 32.9 308.2 -11.5 1 69 308 433 51 1981 120Tu 849.9 7 29 1.040 t47 268.0 151.1 31.5 245.2 19.1 -10 138 341 725 52 19831220Tu 249.0 173 218 0.915 95 246.5 154.3 32.3 331.9 24.5 43 73 133 805 53 1984 515Tu 540.1 200 331 0.833 88 236.9 152.9 32.2 289.4 -17.9 -16 80 160 348 54 1984 613We 1525.7 9 1760 0.091 4 86.6 149.5 31.3 143.3 -24.7 -40 261 50 2020 54 198411 8Th 1855.2 338 321 0.926 96 273.2 144.9 29.9 87.5 15.9 26 279 17 1558 54 1987 414Tu 318.8 27 431 0.803 85 238.8 151.1 31.6 324.9 -10.1 10 56 356 437 56 198710 7We 501.6 152 10 1.012 t25 257.6 153.1 32.1 296.1 6.2 7 90 113 552 56 1988 3 3Th 1712.7 208 -3 1.118 t86 298.3 143.6 29.5 120.2 7.3 0 258 246 1715 57 1991 130We 658.6 21 209 0.907 95 241.6 155.9 32.8 273.2 16.8 2 114 345 714 60 1991 627Th 414.7 352 1330 0.339 28 177.1 142.4 29.4 312.2 -24.6 -8 59 317 307 60 1991 726Fr 1907.8 161 1432 0.281 22 161.1 143.0 29.6 89.2 -18.2 -3 298 196 1926 60 19941118Fr 743.9 352 381 0.908 95 276.5 143.3 29.4 255.5 18.2 -6 129 322 656 62 199510 8Su 1704.1 163 385 0.852 90 252.2 148.4 30.9 115.6 6.9 2 262 201 1650 63 1998 313Fr 520.0 198 671 0.735 77 251.7 143.4 29.5 297.7 4.0 7 87 160 605 66 1998 8 8Sa 324.8 168 1652 0.147 8 106.5 152.3 32.1 324.9 -14.8 7 54 138 418 66 1998 9 6Su 1210.0 343 295 0.838 88 232.0 155.4 32.8 192.4 -7.5 -45 192 350 1827 66 1999 131Su 1717.4 10 41 1.029 t40 265.9 151.4 31.6 118.8 16.4 7 254 48 1621 67 20011230Su 1129.2 178 215 0.920 96 247.8 154.0 32.2 203.3 24.2 -15 178 177 744 70 2002 526Su 1303.2 196 551 0.715 75 221.2 153.2 32.3 178.8 -20.0 -54 217 219 1954 71 2002 624Mo 2227.0 4 1485 0.236 17 137.2 149.8 31.4 38.8 -24.8 11 344 15 2004 71 20021120We 246.5 341 399 0.887 93 269.2 144.7 29.8 330.1 18.7 38 69 304 714 71 2005 424Su 1054.6 25 263 0.891 94 250.1 150.6 31.5 210.4 -13.9 -52 165 16 409 74 2006 314Tu 2447.3 209 101 1.057 t60 292.1 143.4 29.5 5.9 3.1 39 20 197 3001 75 2009 2 9Mo 1538.0 24 165 0.926 96 243.0 156.1 32.8 143.6 13.5 -9 236 55 1645 78 2009 7 7Tu 1038.4 348 1606 0.183 12 131.9 142.4 29.4 216.9 -23.9 -60 151 329 257 78 2009 8 6Th 138.9 158 1174 0.429 39 196.6 142.9 29.5 351.3 -15.6 17 30 139 419 78 20121128We 1532.8 356 325 0.943 97 280.8 143.3 29.4 138.9 20.5 0 236 29 1534 81 2013 525Sa 509.7 185 1854 0.041 1 54.8 156.9 33.3 296.9 -19.4 -13 73 147 336 82 20131018Fr 2450.0 164 498 0.791 84 243.8 148.9 31.0 358.4 11.0 44 32 145 3029 82 2016 323We 1246.9 198 547 0.802 85 260.5 143.5 29.5 185.2 -0.3 -37 200 210 1802 86 2016 818Th 1042.2 166 1905 0.017 0 36.7 152.0 31.9 215.0 -11.4 -48 159 153 414 86 2016 916Fr 1954.0 342 116 0.934 97 243.3 155.2 32.8 75.5 -3.3 17 301 14 1751 86 2017 210Fr 2543.6 13 59 1.015 t28 263.4 151.7 31.7 352.4 13.1 44 41 349 3101 87 2020 110Fr 2009.7 183 216 0.922 96 248.8 153.7 32.2 74.5 23.0 39 285 223 1524 90 2020 6 5Fr 2024.7 192 778 0.594 60 203.2 153.5 32.4 68.7 -21.5 5 316 219 1941 90 2020 7 5Su 529.7 360 1209 0.381 33 171.4 150.2 31.5 293.7 -24.1 -18 73 320 309 90 20201130Mo 1042.5 345 461 0.856 90 266.0 144.6 29.7 211.8 20.7 -17 169 339 708 90 2023 5 5Fr 1822.5 23 78 0.990 100 261.8 150.2 31.4 98.2 -17.2 -7 291 60 1913 93 2024 325Mo 812.4 209 228 0.983 100 283.9 143.2 29.5 253.8 -1.2 -24 120 177 533 95 2027 220Sa 2412.4 26 103 0.953 98 245.0 156.3 32.9 14.8 9.8 47 9 21 3038 98 2027 718Su 1702.5 344 1879 0.028 1 52.7 142.5 29.4 121.4 -22.3 -25 276 25 1959 98 2027 817Tu 813.3 155 924 0.573 57 224.5 142.8 29.5 252.2 -12.4 -34 115 120 417 98 203012 9Mo 2327.1 0 282 0.969 99 284.1 143.4 29.4 21.3 21.9 59 359 1 1512 101 2031 5 7We 450.3 11 168 0.907 95 241.5 154.6 32.6 301.4 -17.8 -9 71 334 347 103 2031 6 5Th 1243.6 181 1625 0.155 9 104.9 156.7 33.2 183.8 -21.1 -57 210 200 1958 103 20311030Th 845.0 166 590 0.743 78 236.6 149.3 31.1 239.4 14.8 -16 142 143 627 103 2034 4 3Mo 2005.2 197 397 0.881 93 270.4 143.5 29.6 74.8 -4.6 17 303 228 1803 106 2035 222Th 1004.3 16 95 0.991 100 259.8 152.0 31.8 227.0 9.2 -26 152 358 628 107 2038 121Th 448.0 187 211 0.926 96 250.0 153.4 32.1 305.9 20.9 25 92 146 746 111 2038 617Th 343.1 187 1019 0.468 44 181.9 153.8 32.5 319.6 -22.1 -2 54 155 325 111 2038 716Fr 1234.1 355 931 0.526 51 197.9 150.7 31.6 188.1 -22.5 -59 203 11 2012 111 20381211Sa 1843.1 350 509 0.832 88 263.5 144.5 29.7 92.7 22.0 28 270 31 1524 111 2042 4 5Sa 1528.2 208 378 0.895 94 273.4 143.0 29.5 144.1 -5.4 -25 246 242 1820 116 2042 929Mo 1143.8 331 -3 0.978 99 242.4 157.8 33.4 197.1 1.6 -37 185 334 1727 116 20421028Tu 2032.6 155 1957 0.008 0 24.5 158.3 33.5 62.1 14.8 40 303 187 1559 116 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table 1 - continued ______________________________________________________________________________________ Date Time P d f F/t dur Dp Dm Long Lat H Az V R/S ΔT ______________________________________________________________________________________ 2045 3 3Fr 841.4 28 24 0.988 100 247.9 156.4 33.0 247.1 5.7 -21 130 360 609 120 2045 827Su 1452.8 153 686 0.709 74 247.1 142.8 29.5 151.7 -8.8 -32 241 186 1827 120 20481220Su 725.7 5 248 0.989 100 286.4 143.5 29.4 262.9 22.5 1 125 333 738 123 2049 517Mo 1224.5 8 398 0.790 83 228.7 154.2 32.5 187.8 -20.6 -57 203 23 1955 125 2049 615Tu 2012.1 177 1380 0.277 21 138.9 156.4 33.2 72.1 -21.9 3 314 205 1946 125 204911 9Tu 1650.1 169 657 0.707 74 231.0 149.8 31.2 118.2 18.2 9 253 207 1542 125 2052 414Su 315.9 196 226 0.974 99 280.8 143.5 29.6 326.3 -8.7 13 56 165 449 129 2053 3 4Tu 1820.0 17 147 0.958 98 255.3 152.3 31.8 102.6 5.1 8 274 55 1721 130 2053 829Fr 903.6 164 53 1.046 t52 282.2 145.2 30.1 239.0 -8.2 -37 131 136 437 130 2056 2 1Tu 1323.9 191 203 0.932 97 251.5 153.0 32.0 177.6 18.1 -18 203 206 1624 134 2056 627Tu 1100.9 183 1265 0.340 28 156.4 154.2 32.6 210.7 -21.9 -59 163 171 311 134 2056 726We 1941.1 352 656 0.669 69 219.4 151.1 31.7 81.5 -20.3 0 305 24 1942 134 20561222Fr 246.7 355 547 0.813 86 261.6 144.3 29.7 333.1 22.4 42 70 316 750 134 2060 415Th 2234.7 207 551 0.794 84 260.2 142.9 29.4 36.7 -9.3 26 343 217 1818 139 206010 9Sa 1951.2 332 150 0.905 95 235.4 157.8 33.4 74.5 5.8 25 297 5 1658 139 206011 8Mo 501.9 158 1874 0.052 2 61.3 158.4 33.5 294.8 18.2 16 99 118 660 139 2063 9 7Fr 2138.8 152 466 0.837 88 265.5 142.8 29.4 49.3 -4.9 27 328 171 1760 143 20661231Fr 1527.7 10 221 1.004 t16 288.0 143.5 29.4 143.7 22.1 -1 231 41 1537 147 2067 528Sa 1953.6 4 639 0.666 69 213.3 153.8 32.4 75.9 -22.8 1 311 34 1950 148 2067 627Mo 338.6 172 1133 0.401 35 165.6 156.2 33.1 320.9 -22.0 -2 54 140 326 148 20671120Su 2502.2 173 708 0.681 71 226.5 150.2 31.3 355.7 21.0 53 42 147 3132 148 2070 425Fr 1018.8 194 31 1.078 t70 291.5 143.6 29.7 220.0 -12.5 -48 152 177 418 153 2071 316Mo 228.6 18 221 0.914 95 249.4 152.5 31.9 339.7 0.8 27 48 351 546 154 2071 9 9We 1603.1 163 279 0.926 96 269.9 145.0 30.0 133.3 -4.2 -18 255 199 1759 154 2074 211Su 2153.3 194 178 0.945 98 253.8 152.6 31.9 50.4 14.7 45 317 219 1620 158 2074 7 8Su 1819.0 178 1512 0.213 14 124.7 154.5 32.7 101.5 -20.9 -12 290 216 1948 158 2074 8 7Tu 253.4 348 391 0.807 85 236.7 151.5 31.8 333.3 -17.4 8 46 321 406 158 2075 1 2We 1052.3 360 576 0.798 84 260.1 144.2 29.6 212.9 21.8 -16 169 352 733 160 2078 427We 533.0 205 743 0.683 71 243.8 142.7 29.4 291.6 -13.0 -11 82 166 422 164 20781021Fr 405.3 334 283 0.843 89 229.0 157.7 33.3 310.3 9.8 19 81 296 617 164 20781119Sa 1337.3 161 1809 0.087 4 78.8 158.6 33.5 166.5 21.1 -12 213 182 1528 164 2081 918Th 432.6 151 266 0.954 98 280.6 142.8 29.4 304.9 -0.8 7 78 114 523 168 2082 8 8Sa 1543.9 337 47 1.027 t40 274.1 146.9 30.6 140.9 -16.8 -32 256 15 1921 170 2085 110We 2329.6 15 192 1.020 t36 289.6 143.6 29.4 24.3 20.8 58 354 18 1528 174 2085 6 8Fr 314.7 360 900 0.532 52 193.8 153.4 32.3 326.2 -24.2 -1 48 330 307 174 2085 7 7Sa 1101.7 168 878 0.530 52 188.6 155.9 33.0 210.6 -21.2 -59 163 157 308 174 208512 1Sa 922.7 177 738 0.665 69 223.5 150.6 31.4 231.6 23.1 -11 152 159 728 174 2089 326Sa 1031.2 18 315 0.859 91 242.2 152.8 32.0 218.2 -3.6 -40 158 4 511 180 2089 919Mo 2308.2 162 485 0.816 86 257.2 144.8 30.0 26.0 0.1 37 354 166 1726 180 2092 223Sa 617.9 196 143 0.965 99 256.6 152.2 31.8 284.1 10.8 4 102 158 643 184 2092 719Sa 138.9 174 1758 0.088 4 80.7 154.8 32.7 351.7 -19.2 13 28 156 356 184 2092 817Su 1010.9 346 136 0.939 97 250.9 152.0 32.0 223.5 -14.0 -48 146 325 402 184 2093 112Mo 1856.9 4 605 0.782 83 258.3 144.1 29.6 92.8 20.4 26 271 45 1547 186 2096 5 7Mo 1221.5 202 959 0.558 55 222.9 142.6 29.4 189.2 -16.1 -53 199 214 1926 190 2096 6 6We 340.4 11 1877 0.031 1 55.1 143.3 29.7 319.3 -24.1 -4 54 339 306 190 20961031We 1227.2 336 392 0.792 84 223.6 157.7 33.3 184.6 13.5 -24 197 347 1618 190 20961129Th 2219.2 165 1764 0.112 6 89.1 158.7 33.5 37.0 23.2 58 331 184 1505 190 2099 929Tu 1133.4 151 84 1.061 t63 292.9 142.9 29.4 198.8 3.4 -35 183 153 1712 195 2100 224We 1601.9 207 25 0.991 100 248.6 156.4 32.9 138.3 10.2 -9 242 241 1706 196 2100 819Th 2241.7 334 283 0.898 94 258.8 147.4 30.7 35.9 -13.4 22 344 344 1856 196 2103 123Tu 730.6 19 160 1.037 t49 291.2 143.6 29.5 264.9 18.7 -1 122 345 725 201 2103 620We 1032.8 355 1164 0.396 35 169.9 153.0 32.2 217.3 -24.7 -60 149 335 245 201 2103 719Th 1825.3 164 627 0.659 68 208.1 155.7 33.0 99.9 -19.7 -10 291 201 1938 201 21031213Th 1748.3 182 756 0.655 67 221.3 151.0 31.5 106.4 24.3 21 258 223 1507 201 2107 4 7Th 1826.7 17 432 0.793 84 233.2 153.0 32.1 98.6 -7.9 1 285 54 1822 207 2107 5 7Sa 527.0 191 1885 0.032 1 51.6 149.4 31.2 292.7 -15.2 -12 79 153 405 207 210710 2Su 619.8 162 670 0.718 75 244.5 144.6 29.9 277.1 4.4 -6 104 126 541 207 2110 3 6Th 1433.8 197 85 0.995 100 260.6 151.7 31.7 159.7 6.6 -22 225 223 1727 212 2111 125Su 259.5 8 638 0.764 81 256.1 143.9 29.5 332.9 18.1 39 66 332 729 213 2114 519Sa 1903.9 198 1189 0.425 38 197.0 142.5 29.4 88.6 -18.7 -3 299 233 1923 218 2114 618Mo 1013.4 7 1620 0.175 11 128.0 143.1 29.6 221.8 -24.7 -59 142 343 254 218 21141112Mo 2055.9 339 478 0.752 79 219.2 157.6 33.3 57.5 16.7 44 307 10 1551 218 21141212We 705.7 170 1733 0.128 7 95.4 158.7 33.5 266.6 24.5 5 124 136 748 218 2118 3 7Mo 2429.3 208 107 0.949 98 244.8 156.0 32.9 10.9 6.0 42 14 200 3018 225 2118 831We 548.0 333 499 0.781 82 243.3 147.8 30.8 288.7 -9.7 -10 86 294 440 225 2121 2 2Su 1528.8 22 118 1.058 t61 293.1 143.7 29.5 145.8 15.8 -8 233 53 1629 230 2121 630Mo 1746.0 351 1439 0.254 19 138.5 152.6 32.1 109.7 -24.5 -19 287 31 2015 230 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table 1 - concluded ______________________________________________________________________________________ Date Time P d f F/t dur Dp Dm Long Lat H Az V R/S ΔT ______________________________________________________________________________________ 2121 729Tu 2548.9 160 379 0.787 83 225.2 155.4 32.9 349.0 -17.5 14 32 140 2808 230 21211224We 218.4 187 763 0.650 67 219.8 151.4 31.5 340.3 24.6 48 64 149 805 230 2125 418We 214.8 15 572 0.715 75 222.2 153.3 32.2 340.8 -11.9 16 41 351 429 236 2125 517Th 1242.6 188 1656 0.151 9 111.2 149.7 31.3 183.7 -18.0 -54 208 206 1935 236 21251012Fr 1339.1 163 831 0.633 65 232.2 144.5 29.8 166.5 8.6 -23 217 185 1643 236 2128 316Tu 2242.1 198 10 1.035 t43 265.5 151.3 31.6 36.9 2.3 38 340 210 1722 241 2129 2 4Fr 1058.3 11 677 0.741 78 253.0 143.8 29.5 213.6 15.1 -23 167 3 701 243 2132 530Fr 138.7 194 1436 0.283 22 162.7 142.5 29.4 350.1 -20.5 12 30 175 337 248 2132 628Sa 1641.4 2 1352 0.325 26 172.5 142.9 29.6 125.5 -24.5 -29 275 45 2016 248 21321123Su 531.0 343 545 0.722 76 215.9 157.6 33.2 289.2 19.2 13 103 304 711 248 21321222Mo 1555.7 175 1713 0.140 8 99.3 158.8 33.5 135.6 24.9 5 236 209 1511 248 2136 318Su 849.7 209 208 0.897 94 239.8 155.6 32.8 245.1 1.7 -26 130 181 549 255 2136 416Mo 1804.4 27 1824 0.065 3 68.7 157.4 33.3 103.1 -11.8 -6 283 64 1843 255 2136 910Mo 1300.9 331 701 0.672 69 227.3 148.3 30.9 179.6 -5.7 -41 208 348 1811 255 2139 213Fr 2323.9 25 66 1.084 t73 295.4 143.7 29.5 27.1 12.4 49 351 31 1626 260 2139 712Su 57.5 346 1713 0.112 6 93.5 152.2 32.0 2.5 -23.5 12 17 335 330 260 2139 810Mo 913.8 157 138 0.912 95 240.1 155.2 32.8 237.5 -14.6 -43 129 127 357 260 2140 1 4Mo 1050.9 191 766 0.647 66 218.7 151.8 31.6 213.6 23.9 -14 168 183 751 262 2143 429Mo 956.9 13 734 0.627 64 209.0 153.5 32.3 224.9 -15.6 -49 144 351 355 267 2143 528Tu 1955.0 184 1413 0.277 21 148.4 150.0 31.4 75.7 -20.1 3 310 214 1931 267 21431023We 2106.1 165 969 0.560 56 220.7 144.4 29.8 54.2 12.6 42 314 192 1611 267 2147 215We 1852.6 14 726 0.712 74 248.8 143.6 29.5 95.0 11.5 18 276 53 1646 274 2147 9 9Sa 2407.0 342 1871 0.038 1 52.0 157.6 33.4 13.1 -6.6 30 9 337 2913 274 2150 610We 810.1 190 1691 0.137 8 114.6 142.5 29.4 252.6 -21.7 -41 108 151 322 279 2150 7 9Th 2308.7 358 1083 0.477 45 206.4 142.8 29.5 29.3 -23.4 13 352 3 1957 279 215012 4Fr 1410.1 347 598 0.698 73 213.2 157.5 33.2 160.2 21.1 -10 218 11 1536 279 2151 1 2Sa 2446.7 180 1697 0.148 9 102.3 158.7 33.5 4.3 24.4 59 31 160 3215 281 2154 329Fr 1700.3 209 336 0.831 88 232.9 155.2 32.7 121.6 -2.6 -9 263 246 1804 286 2154 428Su 159.7 24 1653 0.149 9 102.9 157.1 33.3 343.8 -15.5 14 37 2 403 286 2154 921Sa 2024.4 331 878 0.577 58 212.0 148.7 31.0 67.8 -1.5 23 307 0 1742 286 21541021Mo 1021.3 153 1856 0.062 2 75.2 146.0 30.2 215.2 12.0 -25 165 144 605 286 2157 224Th 711.7 27 -7 1.122 t87 298.7 143.8 29.6 269.9 8.6 -7 112 352 628 292 2158 114Sa 1925.0 196 767 0.645 66 217.5 152.1 31.7 86.3 22.3 32 275 237 1531 294 2161 5 9Sa 1733.0 10 916 0.529 51 193.0 153.8 32.4 110.7 -18.8 -16 282 50 1927 299 2161 6 8Mo 303.9 180 1155 0.411 37 177.6 150.4 31.5 328.9 -21.5 3 47 151 328 299 216111 3Tu 440.8 167 1083 0.501 48 210.4 144.3 29.7 300.4 16.3 18 93 128 648 299 2165 226Tu 238.9 16 794 0.672 70 242.7 143.4 29.5 338.1 7.6 33 54 346 627 307 2165 821We 2429.2 165 44 0.945 98 238.5 157.5 33.4 8.2 -10.7 25 14 156 2851 307 2165 920Fr 800.2 342 1685 0.133 7 96.8 157.8 33.4 253.8 -2.4 -25 120 310 505 307 2168 720We 533.6 354 809 0.633 65 234.6 142.7 29.5 293.4 -21.6 -16 75 315 330 312 21681214We 2254.2 352 635 0.682 71 211.6 157.3 33.1 30.3 22.1 58 343 3 1517 312 2169 113Fr 938.6 184 1684 0.154 9 104.4 158.7 33.5 232.6 22.9 -11 151 165 746 314 2172 4 8We 2503.5 208 483 0.755 79 224.2 154.8 32.6 360.0 -6.7 28 24 193 2902 320 2172 5 8Fr 947.9 22 1462 0.242 17 130.2 156.8 33.2 226.6 -18.7 -52 140 357 337 320 217210 2Fr 356.4 331 1035 0.494 47 197.1 149.2 31.1 313.8 2.7 15 73 295 543 320 21721031Sa 1803.9 156 1741 0.128 7 107.6 146.3 30.3 99.3 15.7 19 269 195 1555 320 2176 126Fr 358.2 200 772 0.639 65 215.9 152.4 31.8 318.9 19.9 32 81 160 739 327 2179 520Th 2503.6 7 1117 0.422 38 173.5 154.0 32.5 358.1 -21.4 13 22 353 2729 333 2179 619Sa 1010.6 175 885 0.551 54 202.0 150.7 31.6 222.7 -22.2 -56 143 152 307 333 21791114Su 1222.5 171 1176 0.452 42 201.4 144.2 29.7 185.2 19.5 -18 196 181 1540 333 2183 3 9Su 1018.6 17 877 0.622 63 234.7 143.3 29.4 222.6 3.4 -32 154 2 554 341 2183 9 2Tu 809.6 163 275 0.833 88 226.8 157.4 33.4 252.3 -6.8 -29 118 131 443 341 218310 1We 1559.8 342 1518 0.219 15 123.2 158.0 33.5 132.9 1.9 -13 251 18 1724 341 2186 731Mo 1201.5 350 542 0.786 83 257.8 142.6 29.5 196.5 -19.1 -57 188 356 1944 347 21861226Tu 740.6 357 664 0.670 69 210.3 157.1 33.1 260.0 22.1 0 127 325 737 347 2187 124We 1829.5 188 1670 0.161 10 106.6 158.6 33.5 100.8 20.6 21 265 229 1550 349 2190 420Tu 857.4 206 655 0.666 69 213.0 154.4 32.5 240.9 -10.6 -38 128 176 434 355 2190 519We 1729.5 18 1255 0.344 29 154.1 156.6 33.2 111.4 -21.2 -18 283 58 1946 355 21901013We 1138.0 332 1169 0.424 38 183.2 149.7 31.2 197.6 6.8 -32 184 335 1656 355 21901112Fr 154.9 159 1645 0.184 12 127.8 146.7 30.4 341.7 19.0 44 58 126 715 355 2194 2 5We 1228.9 203 786 0.629 64 213.6 152.7 31.9 191.7 16.9 -21 190 209 1639 363 2194 3 7Fr 202.3 28 1960 0.009 0 28.3 149.0 31.0 346.4 3.9 33 43 3 602 363 2194 8 2Sa 612.6 339 173 0.974 99 274.2 145.0 30.1 283.9 -18.5 -20 84 299 350 363 2197 531We 829.9 3 1335 0.307 24 149.2 154.3 32.6 247.0 -23.4 -46 112 324 300 369 2197 629Th 1716.7 171 607 0.694 72 222.7 151.1 31.8 116.7 -22.0 -21 280 211 1955 369 21971124Fr 2011.1 174 1249 0.414 37 193.9 144.1 29.6 68.8 22.0 42 291 213 1513 369 ______________________________________________________________________________________

To estimate the accuracy I have carried out a number of comparisons of my data with results presented in available publications. For this purpose probably the most convincing source of reference data are yearbooks of Astronomicheskij Ezhegodnik and Astronomical Almanac, used by astronomers worldwide. My computations for the years 1961 – 1990 appear to be in very close agreement with these respectable annuals: on the level that these two publications differ between themselves. More specifically, for 68 eclipses (umbral and penumbral) of the Moon in this period my times of middle of eclipse differed at most by 0.1 min. from those of the Almanac (in the Ezhegodnik I encountered a single case of a greater difference, of 0.2 min.: for the umbral eclipse of 1972 January 30). The durations of penumbral phase of the same eclipses, however, differed in approximately a third of the cases by more than 0.1 and in two or three instances the difference approached 0.5 min. My phases (umbral or penumbral, whichever appropriate) differed from these in the yearbooks by 0.002 or (usually) less than this. Similar, though slightly worse, agreement I find with tables of Liu (1964) where 169 (including corrections of the author made by hand in my copy of his work) eclipses are listed for the years 1964 to 2163.

References

Astronomical Almanac for the Year 1989, USNO (Washington) and RGO (London), and earlier issues.

Astronomicheskij Ezhegodnik SSSR, 1990, Nauka, Leningrad (1988), and earlier issues.

Borkowski, K.M., 1989, Post. Astronaut., 22, No. 3/4, 99–130 (Paper I).

Borkowski, K.M., 1990, Earth, Moon, and Planets 49, 107–140 (Paper II).

Chapront-Touzé, M., Chapront, J., 1988, Astron. Astrophys., 190, 342.

Link, F., 1969, Eclipse Phenomena in Astronomy, Springer, Berlin.

Liu Bao-lin, 1964, Acta Astron. Sinica, 12, 61.

Liu Bao-lin, 1983, Canon of Lunar Eclipses from 1000 BC to AD 3000, Publ. Purple Mountain Obs.(Nanjing), vol. 2, No. 1, 1–136 (see also vol. 3, No. 2, 31–32).

Meeus, J., 1980, J. R. Astron. Soc. Canada, 74, 291.

Meeus, J., Mucke, H., 1983, Canon of Lunar Eclipses, –2002 to +2526, Astronomisches Büro, Vienna, Austria.